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Ransomware

What is ransomware?

Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) that encrypts a victim’s files or locks them out of their system, demanding a ransom payment to restore access. Cybercriminals use ransomware to exploit individuals, businesses, and even organizations, often demanding payments in cryptocurrency to remain anonymous. These attacks can result in severe data loss, operational disruption, and financial damage, particularly if victims lack secure backups or recovery measures.

How does ransomware work and spread?

Ransomware attacks target systems by encrypting data, demanding payment, and sometimes stealing sensitive information. Below are details on how ransomware operates and the common ways it spreads.

How does ransomware work?

Ransomware infiltrates systems, disrupts access, and demands payment for restoring data.

1. Infiltration: Ransomware gains access through vulnerabilities such as malicious links, unpatched software, or social engineering tactics.
2. Activation: Once inside the system, it encrypts files, rendering them inaccessible.
3. Ransom demand: A ransom note is displayed, demanding payment, usually in cryptocurrency, in exchange for a decryption key.
4. Data exfiltration (Advanced ransomware): Some ransomware also steals data, threatening to leak it as a double-extortion tactic.

How does ransomware spread?

Ransomware propagates through various methods, often exploiting human error or system vulnerabilities. Understanding these methods is essential for improving email security and protecting sensitive data.

• Social engineering: Attackers use manipulative tactics like phishing emails to trick users into downloading malicious files or sharing sensitive information, often leading to ransomware infections or Business Email Compromise (BEC).
• Malicious websites or ads: Clicking on compromised websites or engaging with malvertising can silently download ransomware onto devices. These tactics often aim to deploy malware or steal credentials.
• Software vulnerabilities: Outdated or unpatched software is a common target for attackers. Addressing these vulnerabilities is critical for defending against ransomware and maintaining compliance with standards like GDPR.
• Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) exploits: Weak or stolen RDP credentials enable attackers to directly access systems and deploy ransomware, putting organizations at risk of account takeover.
• Infected external devices: Plugging in infected USB drives or external storage devices can introduce ransomware to connected systems, posing serious threats to data security.

By understanding how ransomware spreads and addressing these vulnerabilities, businesses can reduce their exposure to ransomware attacks and ensure compliance with cybersecurity best practices.

Common types of ransomware attacks

Following are some of the widely recognized ransomware types:

• Locker ransomware: This type locks users out of their devices, making them completely unusable until a ransom is paid. It typically displays a ransom note demanding payment to restore access.
• Crypto ransomware: It encrypts files on a victim’s system, making them inaccessible without a decryption key. Attackers demand a ransom in exchange for the key, but paying does not guarantee data recovery.
• Double extortion ransomware: In addition to encrypting files, this ransomware steals sensitive data and threatens to release it publicly. This increases pressure on victims to pay the ransom to avoid data leaks.
• Ransomware as a Service (RaaS): Cybercriminals offer ransomware tools to other attackers, often through a subscription model. This makes ransomware more accessible to criminals with little technical expertise.
• Doxware (Leakware): This ransomware extracts sensitive or confidential data and threatens to publish it if the ransom isn’t paid. It is commonly used to target individuals and businesses with highly sensitive information.
• Wipers: Unlike traditional ransomware, wipers destroy data instead of encrypting it, often as an act of sabotage. In some cases, they delete data even if the victim complies with ransom demands.

Who are the primary targets of ransomware attacks?

Small and midsize businesses (SMBs) are frequent ransomware targets due to weak security and limited IT resources, while organizations reliant on critical files often pay ransom to minimize downtime losses. Privacy-sensitive individuals are also exploited, with attackers demanding high fees to keep data confidential. Additionally, anyone can fall victim to malicious advertisements or links, as ransomware spreads indiscriminately. Beyond desktops and laptops, mobile devices like smartphones and tablets are increasingly vulnerable.

Ransomware prevention tips for businesses/organizations

To protect against ransomware threats, follow these cybersecurity best practices:

• Backup your data : Maintain regular, encrypted backups to restore files in case of a ransomware attack.
• Use strong endpoint security : Implement Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solutions is essential to safeguard all devices and protect against ransomware attacks.
• Avoid suspicious links & attachments : Never click on unknown links or download files from untrusted sources.
• Update software regularly : Keep operating systems and applications updated to patch vulnerabilities.
• Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) : Prevent unauthorized access to critical systems. MFA provides an extra security layer, even if a user’s password is compromised.
• Enable email protection : Use robust email security solutions like Zoho eProtect to filter out malicious emails, scan attachments, and block suspicious links.

Staying informed, using strong security measures, and regularly backing up data are the best defenses against ransomware.

Steps to take during a ransomware attack

Ransomware attacks can be highly disruptive, but taking immediate and informed action can help minimize the damage. Follow these essential steps to contain the attack and safeguard your data:

• Isolate the infected system: Disconnect the affected device from the network to prevent further spread.
• Do not pay the ransom: Paying does not guarantee file recovery and encourages cybercriminals.
• Report the attack: Inform your IT security team immediately to contain the threat and minimize damage.
• Restore from backups: If you have secure backups, use them to restore your system to its previous state.
• Use ransomware decryption tools: Some cybersecurity firms offer free tools to unlock encrypted files.